Colorectal cancer refers to cancer of the colon and/or rectum, in which cells in the colon or rectum grow out of control. Polyps – abnormal growths – can form in these regions and develop into cancer over time. Luckily, this type of cancer can often be successfully treated in its early stages.
Since the 1970s, colonoscopies have been a regular part of preventive health care. In a colonoscopy, a doctor will insert a tube-like instrument with a light and a tiny video camera (a colonoscope) through the rectum and examine the inside of the colon for swelling, irritation, polyps or cancer. During a colonoscopy, doctors may biopsy some of the tissue they discover, or they may remove polyps or potential cancerous cells.
Treatment options for colorectal cancer depend on the stage, location, and aggressiveness of the cancer, among other factors.
Contributing Factors
According to The National Cancer Institute, early colorectal cancer is the No. 1 cause of cancer related death in adults ages 20 to 49. In addition to this devastating news, colorectal cancer that develops in younger people is seemingly more aggressive and life-threatening. Scientists are working to find a cause for this increase in numbers. According to the National Cancer Institute, at this point in time scientists believe the rise in colon cancer is not genetic, and it may be driven by environmental factors. Unfortunately, the interactions between tumor pathways and microbes is stronger in younger adults with colorectal cancer than in older adults with colorectal cancer.
Environmental factors affecting the gut microbiome include diet, exercise, mental health, geographic location and other factors. Diet appears to play a major role in gut health. Some studies have shown a relationship between highly processed foods and several types of cancer. Processed foods, which have a very high ratio of calories and a low ratio of healthy nutrients that we need, have become a predominant staple in the human diet. The American Institute of Cancer Research also recommends avoiding processed meats, which are considered carcinogens and can increase the risk of cancer.
Research has also found that young adults with obesity are more likely to get colorectal cancer. Physical exercise – in addition to its beneficial effects on weight management – may also independently alter the composition and function of the microbiome in the gut. Studies have shown that the frequency, type, and intensity of exercise affect microbiome diversity and health.
Studies have also shown a relationship between mental health and gut health. Psychological stressors, even those of a short duration, have been shown to affect the gut microbiome. A wide range of studies have helped identify the possible mechanisms involved in the correlation between mental health and gut health. Studies have also found evidence that stress and depression may increase the permeability of the gut barrier, leading to bacteria moving into the bloodstream and systemic inflammation.
Challenges with Diagnosing Younger Adults
One challenge with this cancer plaguing the young adult population is that they tend to not seek medical care for intestinal issues as frequently as older adults. Young adults often assume that their body is invincible. When they experience an unusual pain, they are more likely than older adults to disregard it and think that it will eventually disappear.
Another challenge comes with recognition in the medical field. Since colorectal cancer is normally only seen in adults over the age of 50, medical professionals may first explore other causes of the pain if a patient comes seeking help. Colonoscopies are less frequently recommended for younger adults, and insurance companies may limit their colonoscopy coverage to members 50 and older.
Colorectal Cancer Symptoms
If you are experiencing any of the following symptoms please get checked for colorectal cancer:
- Blood in feces
- Rectal bleeding
- Changes in bowel habits
- Unexpected weight loss
- Stomach pain
Fortunately, innovative treatment options for colorectal cancer continue to grow. However, one universal fact about cancer still holds true: the sooner cancer is identified and diagnosed, the better the outcomes. If you have any concerns about colorectal cancer for you or a loved one, speak with your primary care physician.
